Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon Hero Essay - 691 Words

According to the definition, a hero is one who embodies the values of their society. In the epic Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf, written by an anonymous author, the character Beowulf is used to convey the value that Anglo-Saxons placed on courage, strength, and loyalty. Courage is certainly a trait which every hero must possess, particularly because no one wants a hero who is a coward. Thankfully, Beowulf is no coward. When Beowulf hears of Grendel’s exploits in Denmark, he travels to the â€Å"distant† land, without hesitation, to rid the Danes of that â€Å"demon†¦conceived by a pair of those monsters born of Cain, murderous creatures banished by God†. Beowulf’s courage is displayed even more when he chooses not to fight with weapons, despite knowing†¦show more content†¦Beowulf’s last test of courage comes in his old age when his people are threatened by a â€Å"mighty† dragon. Beowulf felt as if something he had done had caused th e irascible beast to wreck havoc on his people, â€Å"killing and destroying† them and their homes with its â€Å"molten† breath. Knowing what had to be done, Beowulf bravely faced the dragon, while all of his people, except for one, fled in fear. His last battle, which ended in death, displayed Beowulf’s unwavering courage, the type that every hero should possess. Strength is without a doubt one of the most important traits which a hero should possess and the Anglo-Saxon’s felt the same way. Beowulf’s strength can be compared to that of the American comic book heroes, Superman and Batman, for he is deemed the â€Å"strongest and greatest of the Geats†. The first time that his strength is witnessed, not just spoken of, is when he kills Grendel by ripping the monstrous villain’s arm off. But his most notable display of strength occurs when he enters into combat with Grendel’s mother. When everything seems to be going all wrong f or Beowulf, he spies a â€Å"heavy† sword hanging on the wall of her lair. With all his power and might, Beowulf drew the sword, â€Å"hammered by giants...and†¦.so massive that no ordinary man could life it†, from its scabbard. He â€Å"lifts it high over his head†, the sword claspedShow MoreRelatedBeowulf : An Anglo Saxon Hero1825 Words   |  8 PagesBeowulf: An Anglo-Saxon Hero The Anglo-Saxons’ cultures and traditions are rooted in their beliefs of the perfect hero. Their ideal hero has many key characteristics influenced by their culture including courage, strength, bravery, thick skin, loyalty, humbleness, and the ability to create strong trustworthy friendships. Beowulf is an epic poem that exhibits the ideal Anglo-Saxon hero. The Anglo-Saxon traditions illustrated in Beowulf accurately represent the Anglo-Saxon traditions of the time periodRead MoreBeowulf the Anglo Saxon Hero Essay498 Words   |  2 PagesThe epic poem Beowulf describes the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. The hero, Beowulf, is a seemingly invincible person with all the extraordinary traits required of an Anglo Saxon hero. He is able to use his super-human physical strength and courage to put his people before himself. He encounters many monsters and horrible beasts, but he never fears the threat of death. His leadership skills are outstanding and he is even able to boast about all his achievements. Beowulf is the ultimateRead MoreBeowulf : An Anglo Saxon Epic Hero957 Words   |  4 Pages Beowulf possessed the character of an Anglo-Saxon epic hero for many reasons. Not only was he the central character in the epic Beowulf, but he was a larger-than-life figure. He proved that by the way he fought and put his courage, skill, and virtue against his enemies. Beowulf was brave beyond compare, had superhuman strength, and a desire to find success in what he did. He was a young warrior with a good reputation who battled against an evil demon, Grendel, and later his mother, for the DanesRead MoreEssay Beowulf: The Ideal Anglo-Saxon Hero858 Words   |  4 PagesOriginating in the Anglo-Saxon period, the epic poem Beowulf portrays a legendary hero. Beowulf established the earlier form of heroism, and was then later introduced in to the English culture. Praised and admired by many people, Beowulf possesses several distinct traits that allow him to be defined perfectly as an ideal Anglo-Saxon hero; his eagerness to seek glory and fame, rather than richness and treasures, his lo yalty and graceful attitude not only to his rulers but also to his followers, andRead MoreEssay on Beowulf - The Achetype of an Anglo-Saxon Hero575 Words   |  3 Pagespresent days society a hero can be seen as someone who risk their own safety or well-being to help someone else either individually or to help the community. Todays requirement to be a hero can be anyone as long as they make sacrifices for others, in which they can be seen as selfless and caring. Many traits that are portrayed of heroes currently were once used to determine a hero in Anglo-Saxon times. In the epic poem Beowulf, by an unknown author, the protagonist Beowulf is visioned to be the Read MoreComparing Beowulf, An Anglo Saxon Epic Hero1292 Words   |  6 PagesIn life the courageous hero has forever stood as a standard of whom we should be and who we wish to be. In the story of Beowulf, an Anglo-Saxon epic the hero is one that is easy to understand, Beowulf fights monsters he is loyal to his Lord and sh ows very strong and powerful leadership skills. Beowulf is the perfect Anglo-Saxon epic hero who displays courage, bravery, and strength during his battles against evil. Beowulf can be viewed as the standard courageous hero. In this story courage is viewedRead MoreBeowulf, An Adventurous And Bold Account Of The Trials And Tribulations Of An Anglo Saxon Hero1210 Words   |  5 PagesThe epic-poem, Beowulf is an adventurous and bold account of the trials and tribulations of an Anglo-Saxon hero. The main character in the poem, Beowulf, encounters three monsters throughout the poem that are enraged for three different reasons, which cause them to wreak havoc on society. First, he faces Grendel who is an angered social outcast of the Heorot community. Next, he defeats Grendel’s mother who is out to avenge her son’s death. And lastly, he faces his death when he fights the DragonRead MoreComparing Beowulf, The Wanderer, And The 13th Warrior1731 Words   |  7 Pagesalways r eappears is What is an epic hero? Or better yet an epic hero in Anglo Saxon culture. I believe there is more to being a hero than just being strong or intelligent. An epic hero in my eyes is oneself who comes to portray the beliefs of the society in which the tale/story is depicted. A few great examples of the Anglo Saxon epic hero are the literary characters in Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The 13th Warrior. These are all outstanding examples of Anglo-Saxon epic heroes because they all cameRead MoreModern Hero vs. Anglo Saxon Hero Essay814 Words   |  4 Pagesday hero has similarities and differences than the Anglo-Saxon hero. The two heroes each have different values they believe in. Also, they are motivated to fight for different reasons. An Anglo-Saxon hero also fights differently than a modern day hero. An example of this comparison is Bono from the band U2 and Beowulf. Both modern day heroes, like Bono and Anglo-Saxon heroes, like Beowulf, try to improve their societies, but d o it in different ways and for different reasons. Anglo-Saxon heroesRead MoreAnglo Saxon Culture as Reflected in Beowulf Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesAnglo Saxon Culture as reflected in Beowulf Every culture has its own set of beliefs values and customs. Cultural beliefs, values, and assumptions are directly and indirectly acquired throughout a lifetime. A culture is the sum of a group’s way of life and this is no different with the ancient Anglo Saxon culture. Cultures usually have distinct figures that reflect their culture as a whole. The importance of religion, values, and heroes are reflected a great deal in the epic poem of Beowulf

Gender Roles And Oppression In Afghanistan - 1884 Words

Although it isn’t as apparent in America as Americans tend to reject these connotations, gender roles exist all throughout human culture, causing things other than genitalia to be associated with the terms man and women. While gender roles vary with culture, typically these associations consist of men are expected to be strong, dominant and opinionated, while women are expected to be more reserved, submissive, and dedicate. These expectations leak into our views of people, causing people to judge others based off their gender first, instead of simply judging everyone as an individual from the get-go. while these generalizations can’t be helped as generalizing things is what people inherently do, the Taliban took it to another level. when†¦show more content†¦With this in mind one can see how maintaining family connection in Afghanistan is the best way to reach success. Men and women have different roles within these households as well. Ultimately their actions bring honor or shame onto their family based off of these roles, for instance while men work to provide income, women receive great honor through being a good wife and mother (Fluri, 2011). These methods gaining honor or shame often stem from their Muslim religion which carries over into their social lives. Afghan women typically wore long baggy clothing such as burqas as they are modest and provided them with a sense of spatial privacy (Fluri, 2011). They also wore their clothing such as a hijab is seen necessary as a sign of respect to their god as the people around them (Fluri, 2011). They also also hold power within the household through social networking for her family, giving her the responsibility to extend the family contacts through this manner and control who the family is associated with (Fluri, 2011). Women would traditionally gather in places void of men forming their own social sphere to better themselves and their families(Schà ¼tte,2014). Women even sometimes marr y for the sake of creating a permanent connection to another family. All of these concepts are completely foreign to westerners as we don’t socialize in this manner, but even if we don’t except their social norms, that doesn’t give us a right to critique it. In America the termShow MoreRelatedFeminism : A Feminist Organization Essay1695 Words   |  7 PagesAssociation of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) is a feminist organization that focuses on liberating the women of Afghanistan who suffer agonizing oppression and disadvantages (37). In addition, RAWA is responsible for being the â€Å"voice of the voiceless† by showing the world the plight of Afghan women, in a country that is ruled by the Taliban (Farrell and McDermott 37). Furthermore, RAWA was highly depended on Western powers, especially U.S feminists, to help relieve Taliban oppression (Farrell and McDermottRead MoreGender Inequality For Women And Womens Development1121 Words   |  5 PagesWhile the case of Rwanda illustrates that a liberal, women-focused post-conflict approach will not lead to substantial advancement of women’s status as it does not tackle gender inequalities, I continue to argue that the post-conflict moment itself is not sufficient for tacklin g the roots of gender inequalities that prevent women from experiencing full empowerment and inter-sphere equality. First, there is a need to understand why women face increased levels of violence in the post-conflict periodRead MoreAnalysis Of Equity, Diversity And Inclusivity1130 Words   |  5 Pageswhether or not this organization understands/explains women’s oppression and whether or not it reinforces the frame of â€Å"culture† and â€Å"tradition.† The Feminist Majority Foundation has been immersed in a campaign to support women and girls in their fight against the brutal oppression of the Taliban. Thus, this is a reason why the campaign exclusively focuses on the gender-based oppression of â€Å"Third World† women, without acknowledging the role of racism, colonialism, and economic exploitation. It alsoRead MoreHuman Rights Violations to Afghan Women1492 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States’ humanitarian relief efforts have recently focused much of their efforts on involving the livelihood of Afghanistan women. For decades, these women have been frequent victims of abuse, despite some success by authorities in prosecuting rape cases, forced marriages and domestic violence. Child marriage, selling and buying women to settle disputes, assault and more than a dozen other acts of violence and abuse against women are a common norm in Afghan society. About 87% of women experienceRead MoreThe Term ‘War On Terror’, First Used By George W. Bush1316 Words   |  6 PagesState of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in Afghanistan and Iraq. Because of the ‘war on terror’ and the significant economic, military, cultural and political implications for the US society that came with it, a whole discourse has emerged spread by the Bush administration to defend and justify war intervention. Steuter and Wills (2010:154) explain that, as sustaining a war often necessitates public support, in periods of conflicts political language can play an important role in society as a classic techniqueRead MoreWomen And Children By Rosenberg Presents Us Imperialism And The Roles849 Words   |  4 Pages11th 2011, but what some don’t know are the immediate responses from the US after the occurrence of that event. In the essay â€Å"Rescuing women and children† Rosenberg presents US imperialism and the roles it plays in gender particularly in Afghanistan. I will be discussing how this imperialism affects gender in other countries and the differnces between â€Å"rescuing women and children† and cross-cultu re solidarity. Rosenberg starts her essay by explained the response from the First Lady nine weeks afterRead MoreThe Gender Roles1630 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent roles for each gender. From the day we are born, we are led and pushed towards what the normal female or male does on a daily life. Gender roles have always existed even before history was written. The roles in gender is always going to shift whether the female has more power than the male. Though in many ancient societies men have been more dominant then the female. Gender roles are not defined, but are impressed upon us by family, and the culture in which we are raised in. Gender roles is understoodRead MoreEssay on Women Led Organizations in Afghanistan1530 Words   |  7 Pagesbelow. Women Led organizations in Afghanistan AWC Afghan Women’s Council REFWID Feminist Majority Foundation of Refugee women in Development Inc CCA Cooperation Center for Afghans AWN Educators and Human Rights Commission in Pakistan, Afghan Women Network WAPHA Women’s Alliance for Peace and Human Rights in Afghanistan RAWA Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan Of those listed above Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA), is more prominent. This flagshipRead More Afghan Women and Their Horror Essay729 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A woman’s life in Afghanistan is one of the most shocking and devastating truths. It wasn’t until September 11th 2001 that the world awoke to the relevance of women’s issues to international peace and security. However, it’s been two years since and the lives of Afghan women have improved only slightly. Harassment, violence, illiteracy, poverty and extreme repression continue to characterize reality for many afghan women. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Under the TalibanRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Hosseini1328 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in Afghanistan â€Å"I do not wish for women to have power over men, but over themselves† Mary Wollstonecraft. In the vast majority of places around the world, men have the upper hand over women, whether it is in the household, workplace, or government. Even in America, the land of the free, women are still discriminated against to a slight extent. A man and woman could have the exact same job, but the man would bring home a greater salary than the woman. In spite of the fact that this is

Of Mice and Men A Novel by John Steinbeck Free Essays

In the novel of mice and men,Steinbeck never gives Curley’s Wife a name. This is done to show that she does not have any identity or position on the ranch. As Curley’s Wife is a representation of all women in the 1930s I feel Steinbeck uses her to show that she does not have any identity or position on the ranch. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men: A Novel by John Steinbeck or any similar topic only for you Order Now As Curley’s Wife is a representation of all women in the 1930s I feel Steinbeck uses her to show that most women back then had no identity or position in the working world. No characters in the novella care for Curley’s Wife and very little attention is given to her. However many of the men only see her as an object. I think Steinbeck conveys that idea by his description of her. When we and George and Lennie are first introduced to her, Steinbeck takes a long time to describe her. ‘She had full rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her finger nails were red. Her hair hung in little clusters, like sausages†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This I feel Steinbeck uses to present Curley’s Wife as an object to the men and society. It is to show that Curley’s wife is worth as much as she is wearing. But Steinbeck doesn’t only use the description of what she is wearing, he also fully describes her actions. This is to show the physical awareness the men have towards her. ‘She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward’ Steinbeck’s description of Curley’s Wife’s actions, I think, is to not only describe the men’s physical awareness, but to show the desperation of Curley’s Wife and the women in the 1930s. Steinbeck presents the men’s reactions towards her as hostile through the use of language. When George first meets her he responds to her ‘brusquely’. I think this is to show the hesitance men have towards Curley’s Wife. I feel Steinbeck not only does this to make us feel sympathy towards Curley’s Wife and women in the 1930s, but also towards men in the 1930s as they have to be extremely careful and hostile so they can keep their jobs. This I think is the contrast Steinbeck is trying to make towards Lennie’s reaction. As Lennie does not understand normal social behaviour he is in awe of Curley’s Wife. I think Steinbeck does this to show that two people who don’t fit into society are maybe the ones that do. John Steinbeck uses different methods to present Curley’s Wife and women in the 1930s. I fell Steinbeck uses Curley’s Wife as a representation of injustice in the 1930s. Steinbeck presents the character of Curley’s Wife as manipulative; however I feel he only does this to make us feel sympathy to Curley’s Wife and women in the 1930s. The fact that Curley’s wife has to be manipulative to get attention which she is so starved for does not kill any sympathy that the reader could have for her but drives it so that the reader is more sympathetic. I also feel that Steinbeck uses Curley’s wife as a reflection on men in the 1930s as they are manipulative yet despise Curley’s wife because she is manipulative; they do not realise that it is them that made her so in the first place. I feel that ‘Of Mice and Men’ is a perfect representation of the treatment of human beings in the 1920s. How to cite Of Mice and Men: A Novel by John Steinbeck, Papers

Essay for Mandatory Metadata Retention - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theEssay for Mandatory Metadata Retention. Answer: Introduction: In the present essay, an attempt has been made to examine the effectiveness of the mandatory metadata retention program of Australia. The data retention scheme of the federal government has been officially in effect for some time now. This means that the metadata of the mobile and online communication in Australia is starting to be collected. Such data will be stored for at least two years. The data can be used for scrutiny by the national security agencies. The data retention legislation has been passed way back in 2015. As a result, the Federal Government can require the Internet service providers and telecommunication companies to retain consistent and reliable data of their customers for a period of two years. Describe the crime problem: Metadata can be described as the background technical information related with a communication. It includes the time and date of a call, how long the call lasted and what were the IP address of the webpage and also the e-mail addresses. However it does not include the recording of actual contents of the call or the website that was visited by the user. In this regard, controversial legislation has been passed on the government in 2015. As a result of these laws, it became compulsory for the telecommunication service providers to retain metadata from the users for at least two years. In a famous statement, Atty. Gen. George Brandis has compared metadata with a letter in the post. Therefore, he said that metadata can be described as the name and address data as you mention on the envelope, but it does not include the contents of the letter (Brandis, 2015). As a result of these changes, now the telecommunication companies in Australia will have to fulfill their legal requirement according to which they will have to retain six types of metadata from the usage and information of their customers.. This data can be scrutinized by the national security and law enforcement agencies. The area of data that need to be stored and made available to the government includes any identifying information that is linked with the subscribers of accounts (Brown et al., 2015). This means the names, phone numbers, addresses, e-mail and IP addresses of the persons according to the billing details that are available with the telecommunication companies. It also includes the source of any communication which means user names, telephone numbers, e-mail and IP addresses of persons or the account establishing an SMS message, phone call, voice message or e-mail. Similarly, it also includes the definition of communications. However, it excludes the Internet browsin g history of an individual. The companies will be required to provide date, time and the duration of communication, along with the details that can be used for identifying a collection. The companies will be required to store the types of communication and Internet services used. Hence, the government will be in a position to know if a particular SMS message, e-mail, voice messages or any social media usage has been made by a person using services like ADSL connection or WiFi. In the same way, the physical location of the place where the communication has been made, as well as the geographic location of any mobile device and the physical address that is related with the fixed Internet connection (Commonwealth of Australia, 2015). Overview: Before the enactment of the new legislation, the law enforcement agencies are allowed to use targeted data preservation notices to make a request to Internet service providers and telecommunication companies to store communications related with suspected criminals. On the other hand, according to the news scheme, there are lesser agencies that can access metadata. But many of these agencies have been allowed warrantless access to the private details related with the users of Internet service providers and telecommunication companies. This list of agencies that have the access to metadata can be added by the Attorney General. After 2015, there has been a review of access to retained metadata by the government in case of civil law cases. It has been confirmed by the government that it is not going to allow access to metadata concerning civil cases like proceedings under the family law, which involves violence or the cases involving international child abduction after conducti ng the recent review. Under the new legislation, the telecommunication companies that use infrastructure in Australia for the purpose of operating any of their services in the country can be subject to the obligations of data retention (Crowe, 2014). Among these service providers are the carriage service providers, licensed carriers and Internet service providers. At the same time, there are certain services that have not been included under the data retention obligations. According to the obligations related with data retention, there are certain telecommunication service providers that will have to retain particular telecommunications data related with the services that have been offered by them. This data needs to be encrypted and protected from any unauthorized access or intrusion. There is certain information of the subscribers that need to be retained for the life of the account and for two years more after the closure of the account. On the basis of the type of service offered by the company, the service providers may not have to retain all the gay big arrays of data. In this regard, guidelines have been bewildered by the department to support industry in understanding their obligations related with data retention. Detail the crime prevention principles: Regarding the data retention obligations, that that can be described as the information concerning the communication instead of being the content on these instances of the communication. For example, in case of phone calls, such data includes the phone numbers of persons that are talking to each other and or how long they have talked but not for they have said. Similarly, in case of e-mails, the data includes the information like the relevant e-mail address and when it has been sent but not the content of the e-mail. It is not required under the Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act, 1979 that the companies should retain data that may include the web browsing history of an individual. At the same time, nearly in case of every serious national security a criminal investigation, data is used (Donohue, 2014). This includes the investigation related with counter-espionage, counter-terrorism, kidnapping, murder, sexual assault etc. in thi s regard, data is used by the agencies warn quickly ruling out innocent individuals from suspicion and to conduct further investigation. It is also used to identify suspects and discover the network of criminals. Data is used to support applications for warrants for using overinclusive and complex tools like interception. Similarly, data is also used by the agencies as evidence for supporting prosecution. In this regard, there are several safeguards present related with the existing telecommunications data under the Act. Particularly these include the fact that the existing data has been restricted to a list of national security and law enforcement agencies. The agencies that have been providing access to data have to undergo independent oversight by the Commonwealth ombudsman or by Inspector General of Intelligence and Security when the Australian Security Intelligence Organization is involved (Greenwald, 2014). The Atty. Gen. also has the responsibility to give a report to the par liament raid with the operations of data retention scheme each year. Where the enforcement agencies or the ASIO need to access the data of a journalist for identifying a source, the law requires that these agencies will obtain a warrant. Similarly, these agencies are also required to report all the requests to the independent respective oversight body (Guy, 2016). Similarly it also needs to be mentioned that for the purpose of Privacy Act, 1988, the data that has been retained by the individual companies on Internet service providers under the Act needs to be considered as personal information. In such cases, the Privacy Commissioner can evaluate the compliance by the telecommunication companies with the Australian Privacy Principles in context of the data maintained by them. The commissioner also monitors the nondisclosure obligations of the telecom industry under the Telecommunications Act, 1997. Analysis: There are different opinions present regarding the way in which the metadata retention scheme can comply with the requirements of privacy and freedom of expression rights. While on one hand, the strongest statements like "necessary and proportionate" principles have been proposed by a coalition of academics, civil rights societies, and technology and privacy experts. In these principles, a complete prohibition has been proposed on indiscriminate collecting of meta-data (Taylor, 2016). A warning is also being given by the United Nations and the Inter-American Special Rapporteurs (2013) have also given a warning that access to metadata should be allowed only in very exceptional circumstances. In the same way, it has been mentioned by the European Court of Justice that in discriminate retention of data obligation goes beyond what is necessary and of course made for the purpose of achieving the objective of fighting serious crime. Therefore, such obligation was not compatible w ith the fundamental right to privacy and to protect the data. This was held in Digital Rights Ireland v Minister for Communications, 2014. As is the case with the Australian scheme, it is also required by the European Directive 2006/24/EC that the providers of publicly available communication services or the public communication networks have an obligation of retaining the traffic and location data, although they are not required to retain the contents of the communication, for the period of six months to two years. The objective behind such obligation is to make sure that the data is available for investigation, detection and also can be used in prosecution of serious crime which includes the cases of terrorism. But in view of the interference of these obligations, which can be termed as serious and wide-ranging, with the right to privacy, it is likely that the people may start to feel as if there private life is constantly under surveillance. Hence there is a need that the data re tention should be proportional, and it should be strictly necessary for achieving the objective. Under these circumstances, it can be said that as a result of the wide scope of the data retention regime in Australia, there can be a conflict with the human right to privacy. While under the data retention regime it is required that they should be indiscriminate retention of extensive information that can reveal significant details related with private communication, the information that in itself is private. In view of the wide obligations to retain the data, the issue of access to this data becomes important. Under the earlier law, they were a wide range of government agencies that have been allowed to access the data available with the telecommunications providers while enforcing a criminal law or to impose a fine. On the other hand, a new list of criminal law enforcement agencies has been introduced by the Data Retention Act. Then the rest is significantly narrower than the diverse agencies that were earlier allowed to access data. Conclusion: it can be stated in the end that new data retention law of the government has to face criticism due to several reasons. For instance, the new regime provides warrantless access to the government agencies regarding personal data. Even if these agencies are not strictly the law enforcement agencies. At the same time, still, there is some confusion present regarding the new regime. The reason is that the legislation is still unclear and similarly it does not cover overseas webmail services as well as a number of messaging apps. Similarly, consumer protections like mandatory data breach legislation were missing at the time of the enactment of the law. This significant safeguards should been present in the data retention regime. References Brandis, G. (2015) One more anti-terror tool. The Australian, Retrieved from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/one-more-antiterror-tool/news-story/b9f48192069443268dec2dfcb04870c5 Brown, I., Halperin, M. H., Hayes, B., Scott, B., Vermeulen, M. (2015). Towards Multilateral Standards for Surveillance Reform. Oxford Internet Institute Discussion Paper. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2551164 Commonwealth of Australia (2015), Martin Place Siege: Joint Commonwealth-New South Wales review, Canberra, January 2015 Crowe, D. (2014) Tough terror laws target jihadis. The Australian. Retrieved from https://at.theaustralian.com.au/link/b7eb7c0de853829d9a475d0ec62f6154?domain=theaustraliancom.au Donohue, L. K. (2014). Bulk Metadata Collection: Statutory and Constitutional Considerations. Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy, 37 (3), 757 Greenwald, G. (2014). No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. Surveillance State. New York: Henry Holt. Guy, G. (2016) Requests for Access to Telecommunications Metadata under 176A of the TIA, Right to Know, https://www.righttoknow.org.au/request/requests_for_access_to_telecommu https://www.crikey.com.au/2016/01/18/over-60-agencies-apply-to-snoop-into-your-metadata/ Taylor, J. (2016) Over 60 agencies apply to snoop into your metadata. Crikey. Retrieved from Digital Rights Ireland Ltd v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources [2014] All ER